Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Physical and emotional symptoms that occur 1-2 weeks before menstruation.
Overview
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience in the days leading up to their menstrual period. While most women have some premenstrual symptoms, PMS refers to symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily life. Symptoms typically begin 5-11 days before menstruation and usually stop once menstruation begins. The exact cause is unknown but is related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
Common Age
20-40 years
Prevalence
Affects up to 75% of women
Duration
1-2 weeks before period, resolves with menstruation
Common Symptoms
- Bloating and fluid retention
- Breast tenderness or swelling
- Mood swings and irritability
- Food cravings, especially for sweets
- Fatigue and low energy
- Headaches
- Acne flare-ups
- Trouble sleeping
- Anxiety or depression
- Difficulty concentrating
- Joint or muscle pain
- Digestive issues (constipation or diarrhea)
Possible Causes
- Hormonal fluctuations (estrogen and progesterone)
- Chemical changes in the brain (serotonin)
- Poor diet high in salt, sugar, or caffeine
- Lack of exercise
- Stress
- Family history of PMS
- Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Note: These are potential causes. A healthcare provider can help determine the specific cause in your case.
Quick Self-Care Tips
- 1Track your symptoms to identify patterns
- 2Reduce salt intake to minimize bloating
- 3Limit caffeine and alcohol
- 4Exercise regularly (30 minutes most days)
- 5Get 7-9 hours of sleep
- 6Eat small, frequent meals
- 7Try calcium supplements (1000-1200mg daily)
- 8Practice stress-reduction techniques
Disclaimer: These are general wellness suggestions, not medical treatment recommendations. They may help manage symptoms but should not replace professional medical care.
Detailed Treatment & Solutions
1DIETARY CHANGES
Eat complex carbohydrates (whole grains, fruits, vegetables) to help stabilize blood sugar. Include calcium-rich foods like dairy, leafy greens, and fortified foods. Limit processed foods, sugar, and sodium.
2SUPPLEMENTS
Consider magnesium (200-400mg), vitamin B6 (50-100mg), vitamin E, and evening primrose oil. Always consult your doctor before starting supplements.
3EXERCISE ROUTINE
Regular aerobic exercise releases endorphins that improve mood. Aim for 30 minutes of walking, swimming, or cycling most days. Yoga can help with both physical symptoms and stress.
4STRESS MANAGEMENT
Practice deep breathing, meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation. Keep a mood journal. Prioritize self-care during the premenstrual phase.
5SLEEP HYGIENE
Maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Create a relaxing bedtime routine. Avoid screens before bed. Keep your bedroom cool and dark.
6MEDICAL OPTIONS
Over-the-counter pain relievers (ibuprofen, naproxen) for cramps and headaches. Birth control pills can help regulate hormones. SSRIs may be prescribed for severe emotional symptoms.
Important: Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any treatment regimen. The solutions above are for educational purposes and may not be suitable for everyone.
Risk Factors
- Family history
- History of depression
- Lack of exercise
- High stress
- Poor diet
Prevention
- Regular exercise
- Balanced diet
- Adequate sleep
- Stress management
- Limiting caffeine and alcohol
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:
- Symptoms severely impact work, school, or relationships
- Over-the-counter remedies don't help
- You experience symptoms of depression or anxiety
- Symptoms worsen over time
- You have thoughts of self-harm
Talk to a Healthcare Provider
If your symptoms are persistent, severe, or concerning, please consult with a qualified healthcare professional for proper evaluation and personalized advice.
Frequently Asked Questions
QIs PMS the same as PMDD?
No. PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) is a severe form of PMS with more intense emotional symptoms that significantly interfere with daily life. PMDD affects 3-8% of women and may require medical treatment.
QCan PMS get worse with age?
Yes, PMS symptoms may intensify during perimenopause (the years leading up to menopause) due to greater hormonal fluctuations.
Related Conditions
Migraine
A neurological condition causing intense, throbbing headaches often with nausea and light sensitivity.
Anxiety
Feelings of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
Depression
A mood disorder causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea)
Pain in the lower abdomen before or during menstruation.
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Medical Disclaimer
The information on this page is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. It should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. Always seek the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional with any questions you have regarding a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Information last reviewed: January 2026
This page provides educational information only. It is not medical advice.